Wollof - English Dictionary prepared by Peace Corps The Gambia PO Box 582 Banjul The Gambia tel: 220 392120 1995 - i - PRONOUNCIATION GUIDE The wolof pronunciation system is relatively simple. Every symbol stands for only one sound, that is every symbol is pronounced the same way in every word. The distinction between short and long vowels is very important, because it is sometimes the only way to distinguish pairs of words which have different meanings. Long vowels are always doubled, while short vowels are not. There is a lot of prenalization in wolof. There usually occur with nasals such as m, n, etc... VOWELS As indicated, wolof vowels are either long or short. A long vowel is indicated a doubling of the symbol, and it must be pronounced a little longer than a short vowel (which is not doubled). Long and short vowels can occur anywhere in the word. Vowel Nearest English Equivalent Wolof Examples a absorb banta, tapa, santa aa far laaj, naaj, caabi e get dem, lem, gerte ee where seet, leel é say bés éé sane wéér, réér ë bird kër, dëgër i in, pit nit, simiis, timis ii meet siis, lii, kii o moment xob, romba ó no nób, sóf oo door loo, soo óó phone góór, fóót u cook nuyu, ubi uu moon tuuru, yuuxu CONSONANTS E ER\ EXQWDEDQ F FKLQFKXUFK FDDELFHHEFDDPRx G GRJ GHIGDUD I ILUH IDVIHWHOIRND J JRRG GRJDOGXJJD M MRE MDERRUHMR[ N FRRO NDDODNXPSD O ODQG ORROXODDO P PRRQ PHHZGHP Q QRE QLWQD[ x RQLRQ Q\ xHHEHJDDxX KDQJ PD S SDUN SDUHVRRSD U UDW UD[DVUHHU V VLJQ VLLVVDIDUD W VWDPS WXEDDEDDWH Z ZDU ZDDZUHHZ [ EHWZHHQKDQGN [DOH[DDOLV \ \RXU \DD\\XX[X PRENASALIZED CONSONANTS PE PEp\PEDDP QG QGH\QGLJWH QMQJ QJRUQJD PS ODPSD ÃËœ WDÃËœNDOXÃËœND - 1 - Wollof-English D D E D D D E D Y WRERUURZOHQG$DEDQDD EHQQDPEXEEDFL6LUD,ERUURZHG RQHGUHVVIURP6LUD D D E D N D W Q ERUURZHUOHQGHU$ONDOL DDEDNDWEXPDJOD$OLNDOLLVDELJ ERUURZHU D D G X Q D Q WKHZRUOGJHQHUDWLRQ 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I believe "prenalization" should be "prenasalization". Also, we do have the IPA system. Why've they gotta mess stuffs up? Granted, the system is rather arbitrary (though clearly culturally biased), but any system of that nature pretty much has to be. Good post, though.
welcome to GR Sightless....you may want to browse through this before you post more. Prepared for the Kaiser Family Foundation by: American Social Health Association SexuallyTransmitted Diseases in America: HowMany Cases and at What Cost? DECEMBER 1998 2 Kaiser Family Foundation Sexually Transmitted Diseases in America Editorial Staff: LINDA L. ALEXANDER, Ph.D., F.A.A.N. President and Chief Executive Officer American Social Health Association JOAN R. CATES Vice President of Development and Policy American Social Health Association NANCY HERNDON Development Program Manager American Social Health Association JENNIFER F. RATCLIFFE, Ph.D., M.Sc Epidemiologist American Social Health Association AMERICAN SOCIAL HEALTH ASSOCIATION PO Box 13827 (919) 361-8400 Research Triangle Park, NC 27713 FAX: (919) 361-8425 http://www.ashastd.org KAISER FAMILY FOUNDATION 2400 Sand Hill Road (650) 854-9400 Menlo Park, CA 94025 FAX: (650) 854-4800 http://www.kff.org Kaiser Family Foundation 3 Sexually Transmitted Diseases in America Table of Contents Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ASHA Panel To Estimate STD Incidence, Prevalence and Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Estimates of the Incidence and Prevalence of STDs in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Estimates of the Direct Medical Costs of STDs in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Estimated Impact of STDs State-by-State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 List of Tables and Figures TABLES TABLE 1. Strength of Evidence, STD Surveillance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 TABLE 2. Estimated Incidence and Prevalence of STDs, United States, 1996, by Strength of Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 TABLE 3. Estimated Annual Medical Costs of the Major Curable STDs in the United States . . 24 TABLE 4. Estimated Annual Medical Costs of the Major Viral STDs in the United States . . . . 25 TABLE 5. Estimated Annual Direct Costs of All STDs by State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 FIGURES FIGURE 1. Estimated Annual New Cases of STDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 FIGURE 2. Total Cases of Viral STDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 FIGURE 3. Distribution of New Cases of STDs by Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 Kaiser Family Foundation Sexually Transmitted Diseases in America Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have a significant health and economic impact on the American people. However, the scope of the STD epidemic can be difficult to measure. The most widely quoted estimate â€â€
I have a few issues with that, Shaft. In general, of course I agree, and I think too often people overlook the particular sociocultural factors that influence these statistics to a significant degree. My first issue is the use of the word "epidemic". Obviously it's a fair term to apply, but it feels like a CNN report or something. STDs is also kind of misleading in a similar fashion, which is why people tend to talk about STIs instead. In particular, the situation with HPV is one that has bothered me for a while, especially considering all the hype surrounding these vaccines that are made available for women and girls. That aside (as that's a whole other argument in itself), it is relevant to that article to note that not all types of HPV are accounted for, and furthermore, that we cannot say anything about the percentage of types that are related to cancer. Indeed, there are types which clear up on their own (which might be considered "curable"?). Anyway. My last gripe is about this claim: I just want to voice my disagreement. I'm sure most people do agree with that statement, but I think that's part of the problem. It only enforces that view, really, and becomes this ridiculous self-fulfilling perspective. The wording could be altered so that I might agree more. Maybe if they suggested that women are less likely to be vocal about it, I would accept that. They just seem to state it as a fact about the world. What think'st thou? GRZorak: Be sure to format appropriately.
So Shaft's topics only bring Zorak back to life in the forums? Oh and thank you for copy and pasting Shaft.
I at the many faces in the list. And yet, this alone is going to make my day! I'm such a simple fellow, ladies take notice! Also, why do i have a bunch of squares with lil' zeroes and threes here?
What. The. Fuck? Shaft is it time to change your password? Because with all that bullshit it looks like you've been hacked into. Scrolling down on a hangover is annoying.